Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive language on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive language or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.

The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

While the importance of intelligence battles in international conflicts is not obscured, achieving a relatively accurate definition of offensive approach to intelligence can help national security decisionmakers both defensively to identify intelligence’s attacks and design offensive strategies. In order to produce Persian-language literature on offensive intelligence, this study based on the evaluation of explicit Latin research with a descriptive-analytical method from library collection, attempts to explain the issue of offensive intelligence. Assessing the definitions of this approach in Western sources shows that offensive intelligence can be considered as a preemptive attack on the intelligence cycle resulting in the decision of the rival government or groups to design the playground according to its own interests. And leads to control or change the behavior of the rival. In an offensive approach to intelligence to change the balance of power, it is necessary to capture the pulse of the opponent's functional data in order to influence the enemy's plans and even direct them according to their own interests.

Backgrounds and Aims: Characteristic property among Tehran offensive and non-offensive drivers using Cloninger, s treatment and Character Inventory questionnaire was studied.Materials and Methods: A cross- sectional study was carried out after coordinating with traffic police.300 drivers: 150 offensive (drivers with more than ten penalty points and 150 non-offensive drivers with less than ten penalty points in one year prior were selected randomly. Data was collected using Cloninger, s treatment and Character Inventory standard questionnaire by trained experts in three different routes of Tehran.Results: The average age was 20-34 years (82% male, 18% female). Based on Cloninger, s treatment and Character Inventory standard questionnaire, a significant differences was observed in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directive ness, co-operation (p<0.001) and persistence (p<0.013) among offensive and non-offensive drivers. By one score increasing of novelty seeking the chance of to be offencer will be increased 4.5 times (OR=4.520, p<0.007), in harm avoidance will be half (OR=0.504, p<0.045) and in reward dependence will be one fourth (OR=0.278, p<0.033).Conclusion: Novelty seeking sub scale of Cloningers treatment and Character Inventory questionnaire was higher and harm avoidance and reward dependence was lower among offensive drivers.

Iran and Caucasus have a common history. Cultural, ethnic, religious, linguistic and geographical cohesion of Caucasus with Iran are obvious factors that engage Tehran in the issues of this region. This area has been part of the Iranian territory in different eras and at periods of times the Russians and Turks have ruled this region. Iran's foreign policy attitude in the region confirms that Geopolitical motives and pragmatist policies have been the basis of Tehran's orientation in the region. The main purpose of this article is assessing the foreign policy of Iran in the framework of Robert Jervis's theory on Perception and misperception. Therefore present article tries to address the questions, whether Iran's Foreign policy is offensive or defensive in Caucasia? How the Caucasian states‟ perception from the Iran's foreign policy has been formulated? The authors believe that Iran's behavior in South Caucasus is completely defensive. But the dominant conception on Iran's foreign policy is offensive towards the region by the interested players. ...

offensive Jihad as one of the branches of the holy religion of Islam is so significant that one particular chapter is devoted to this issue in jurisprudential sources. offensive Jihad is a two-fold regulation raising questions in two ways. On the one hand, the question is whether offensive Jihad by the Islamic government at the time of occultation is permitted according to the Shiite thought. This question can be dealt with in the field of public law.On the other hand, from the perspective of human rights, the object of offensive Jihad -calling non Muslims to Islam, according to a large number of jurisprudents- is controversial, since it is in conflict with freedom of thought and belief of human being and is considered an imposition according to many intellectual thinkers. The main hypothesis of the article is that offensive Jihad in contemporary times is allowed based on human rights requirements and religious proofs.Studying the goal and wisdom behind offensive Jihad in Islam, this article discusses the legitimacy of offensive Jihad under the rule of the fully qualified jurisprudent.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the language of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic language, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific language of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic language” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman language of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.